Introduction [1] : European honey bees (Apis mellifera ) are the most important pollinator insects that play vital role in maintenance of all most all life forms on earth. However, over the last decade major concerns have raised due to decline in the population of these insect species. A variety of factors have been responsible for these concerns of which the most important is honey bee bacterial diseases like Nosemosis (Nosema), American and European foulbrood diseases. While, overuse of...
Topics: Aggregation and co-aggregation, Antibacterial activity, Colonization, Honeybees, Probiotic
Introduction [1] : The quality of drinking water is an important factor that may affect broiler performance. Water is very important resource for poultry and is mainly supplied from groundwater sources, rivers, and springs. In addition to being a nutrient, water also softens food and carries it through the body, aids in digestion and absorption, and cools the body as it evaporates through the bird’s lungs and air sacs. Water helps remove waste, lubricates joints, is a major component of...
Topics: Chlorine, Poultry farms, Water hardness, Water Quality
Introduction [1] : Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the free radicals and the ability of the body to counteract or detoxify their harmful effects by antioxidants. Commercial poultry faces a wide range of environmental, technological, nutritional, and biological stresses, which are responsible for low productivity and reproductive performance in poultry. In addition, chronic oxidative stress can deplete antioxidant vitamins and trace elements, impair immune function resulting in...
Topics: Frozen-thawed sperm, Oxidative stress, Rooster, Vitamin E
Introduction [1] : As the highest cost of poultry production is the cost of feed, optimizing feed consumption and reducing feed conversion ratio are very important in the poultry industry. Also, the problem of lower egg shell quality caused by prolonged egg production period is an important issue affecting the breeding of old layer hens. Approximately 10% of the eggs produced in poultry farms are lost due to breakage of eggshells, which accounts for huge economic loss to the egg industry....
Topics: Antioxidant activity, Bone, Immune system, Laying hen, Manganese
Introduction [1] : Application of antibiotics causes two major health problems, including antibiotic residues in body tissues and animal products and the resistance of pathogens to antibiotics. On the other hand, antibiotics improve growth, feed efficiency and control infectious diseases. Following the ban on the use of antibiotics as growth stimulants in the poultry industry, the EU has been paying more attention to non-antibiotic growth-promoting compounds since 2006, including organic acids,...
Topics: Antioxidant, Japanese Quail, Probiotic, Plasma
Introduction [1] : This study was performed to evaluate the effects of nigella sativa meal and multi enzyme on growth performance, relative weight of carcass components, blood parameters and intestinal morphology of broiler chicken. Materials and Methods : The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with five treatments in four replicates and 14 chickens in each replicate (80 chickens). Broiler chickens was fed with diets including: without nigella sativa meal and enzymes...
Topics: Growth Performance, Morphometric, Multi Enzyme, Nigella Sativa.
Introduction [1] : Despite extensive progress in reproductive techniques, sperm cryopreservation leads to reduction of motility and viability in comparison to fresh sperm. Scientists have studied different antioxidants to reduce the loss of viability, motility and DNA fragmentation, because this loss causes decrease in fertility. The biochemical changes which occurs during sperm cryopreservation affects the plasma membrane and as a result, sperm viability and fertility are affected after...
Topics: Antioxidant, Oxidative stress, Pentoxifylline
Introduction : Reproduction is directly affected by various management related factors. Manipulation of these factors can cause changes in reproductive performance. The reproductive performance is considered as the most important factor in determining the profitability of ruminant breeding. Estrous synchronization and supper ovulation are considered as the two valuable management tools used to increase the efficiency of reproduction in small ruminants and seasonal breeder animals, thanks to the...
Topics: Afshari, Estrus Synchronization, Fertility rate, Ovulation rate, Romanov
Introduction [1] Providing the energy and protein in the diet of livestock, due to the high cost of its sources makes the highest cost of feed. Therefore, new and cheap domestic resources should be used in order to reduce costs and independency. Lathyrus sativus as a source of protein has been used in ruminants’ diet and because of similar amino acids profile to soybean meal can be used instead of soybean meal in ruminants’ diet. The protein content of Lathyrus sativus is 25.6-35.9 % of its...
Topics: Gas production, Heat processing, Lathyrus sativus, Rumen and intestine digestibility
Introduction [1] : Flax products (seeds and meal) are one of the sources of energy and protein for ruminants. Although flaxseed is a very inexpensive and affordable source of omega-3s, more than 50 percent of its fatty acids are made from alpha-linolenic acid, but it cannot be used at high levels due to its anti-nutritional properties. Flaxseed processing improves nutrient consumption while reducing the negative effects of anti-nutritional substances such as lintine and makes food more...
Topics: Blood parameters, Flaxseed, Nutrient digestibility, Performance, Sheep.
Introduction: Dried forage has long been used as a traditional method of storage of forage feedstuffs. However, the need to postpone forage harvest until maturity in order to obtain more dry matter reduces its digestibility. Adverse weather conditions can lead to loss of nutrients and overall decline in the nutritional value of dried fodder. One of the methods that is somewhat less dependent on climate conditions and used by ranchers to maintain plants. The product of fermentation under anoxic...
Topics: Biological additives, Chemical composition, Corn silage, Effective microorganisms, Fermentation,...
Introduction [1] Medicinal plants have a long history of treating different diseases. Glaucium flavum (yellow horned poppy) is a summer-flowering plant in the family Papaveracae. It is native to Northern Africa, Macaronesia, temperate zones in Western Asia, and the Caucasus, as well as Europe. It has thick, leathery deeply segmented, wavy, bluish-grey leaves, which are coated in a layer of water-retaining wax. Yellow Horne Puppy (YHP) is an alkaloid medicinal plant with a...
Topics: Glaucium flavum Crants, Hematological Parameter, Rat, Vitamin C
Introduction [1] Applying the appropriate statistical method to genome wide association studies (GWAS ( is one of the major factors influencing the identify chromosome regions effect of quantitative traits. The single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (ssGBLUP) approach, a quite common procedure in GWAS, has the advantage of simultaneously using the phenotypes of genotyped and non - genotyped animals, pedigrees, and genotypes; therefore, there is no need to calculate...
Topics: Genetic variance, Genome scan, Genomic window, Quail
Introduction [1] One of the most important environmental factors affecting the dairy industry is the temperature changes that showed a negative impact on the industry over the past few years. Increasing temperatures have declined the production and reproductive performance of herds in the tropics. Huge losses are caused annually due to heat stress. Heat stress in dairy cows is caused by a combination of environmental factors (temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and air movement)....
Topics: Days to first service, Genetic and Phenotypic Trends, Heat stress, Milk test day, Open days
Introduction During development process attention to the improvement of scarcity compensation protein of food regime is necessary and important and due to that, the most of developing countries attempted to compensate scarce protein of increasing population accompany of poultry industry extension. The current study attempted to investigate an economic survey on broiler emphasizing on deduction in production period. After Islamic revolution Iran, had been tried to compensate the shortage of...
Topics: Killing age, export, FCR (Food Coefficient Return), chicken size, production cost price. JEL : Q1,...
Introduction [1] This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of dietary fiber and fat on the growth performance of broiler chicks using the central composite design and response surface methodology at 1-7 d and 7-14 d of age. The response surface methodology is a set of statistical and mathematical methods that help the researcher in design of experiment within the incomplete factorial designs. In this method, the obtained data is converted into a mathematical model...
Topics: Broiler, Central composite design, Fat, Fiber, Response surface methodology
Introduction [1] This experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of peppermint extract, vitamins C, vitamin E, probiotics and antibiotics on performance, biochemical parameters and immune system of broilers under heat stress conditions. Peppermint ( Mentha piperita ) is considered as one of these medical plants and belongs to the Lamiaceae family. The essential oils and extracts of this plant are mainly made up of menthone, menthol and methyl acetate. Peppermint is traditionally used as...
Topics: Broilers, Heat stress, Immune response, Peppermint extract, Performance
Introduction [1] It is advantageous to include as many ingredients as possible when formulating a diet for broiler chickens, because the supplementary nature of nutrients in different feedstuffs promotes the reduction of nutrient variation. The results of some experiments have shown that diet uniformity, through variance reduction for nutrients, improves broiler performance. In addition, lower variability of nutrients reduces the possibility of nutrient wastage. Also, in practical feed...
Topics: broiler chicken, canola meal, protein mixture, poultry offal meal, performance
Introduction [1] The main factors limiting the consumption of low-quality fodder is their low nitrogen. Therefore, it is often difficult to provide sufficient nutrients, especially energy and protein for ruminants, which use these resources. Deficiency of nutrients in low quality forage also affects the supply of nutrients for growth of ruminal microorganisms and leads to a decrease in the ruminal digestion rate of these forages; this in turn reduces the feed intake and performance of the...
Topics: Economic value of diet, Slow-release urea, Common urea, Volatile fatty acids
Introduction [1] Animal feed additives are used worldwide for many different reasons. Breeding management of sucking animals, including proper nutrition and prevention of common diseases up to the age of weaning, has an effective role in the economic value of the livestock industry. Some help to cover the needs of essential nutrients and others to increase growth performance, feed intake and therefore optimize feed utilization. The health status of animals with a high growth performance is a...
Topics: Blood parameters, Digestibility, Fecal score, Neonatal kids, Ziziphora tenuior
Introduction [1] Global demand for goat milk and its products has been growing. The decreased pasture quality has led goat producers to use intensive production systems with economical fodder resources. Goat milk contains functional compounds that enhance human immune system and overall health. Goat milk is enriched with functional peptides, conjugated linoleic acid, and healthy oligosaccharides that can immensely benefit human immunity and health. Goats are usually capable in utilizing lower...
Topics: Blood Parameter, Feeding Behavior, Goat, Milk, Murciano-Granadin
Introduction [1] Zinc is part of more than 300 enzymes involved in immunity, metabolism, growth and reproductive functions. This element is essential for the metabolism of nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, the development and proper functioning of immune cells. Therefore, zinc deficiency can affect the performance of animals by reducing appetite and growth and immune system disorders. Fat supplementation in milk replacer or starter diets has been suggested to improve the energy density of...
Topics: Digestibility, Flaxseed Oil, Holstein Calves, Zn-Methionine
Introduction [1] : Camels play a major role in the life of people in parts of Africa and Asia, especially in the desert areas. Today, camels are important for sustainable livestock production species in many arid regions of the world. Camels are economically important in terms of meat, milk and wool production in the desert. Due to climate change, camel as a desirable animal for arid areas, requires more extensive scientific view. According to FAO statistics, about 95% of 35 million humped...
Topics: Cytochrome B, Genetic diversity, Phylogenetic tree, Turkmen camel
Introduction [1] : Having a fat tail is a characteristic of some Iranian native sheep breeds, whose main role is usually to store energy for using in limited food conditions. However, the amount of energy required to store fat in this tissue directly affects the efficiency of meat production and carcass quality. In Iran, the average weight of each carcass is about 15.3 kg, of which 15% is the fat tail. It requires 1.7 kg more feed per kilogram of fat tail than meat (protein), and customers pay...
Topics: BMP2, Fat tail, Lori Bakhtiari sheep, PCR-SSCP, Polymorphism
Introduction [1] : Feed is the main cost part of poultry production. High feed efficiency poultry produce less feed and less excrement per unit weight gain. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the biological mechanisms that control feed efficiency is crucial for the development of optimal breeding and selection strategies. The serine biosynthesis pathway is one of the most important pathways in animals with high feed efficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of...
Topics: Feed efficiency, Gene expression, Real-time PCR, Serine biosynthesis, Turkey
Introduction [1] : Application of growth-promoting antibiotics in poultry nutrition improves growth, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and reduces mortality. But, due to their persistent effects and increased drug resistance to pathogenic bacteria and the transmission of bacteria to humans through the food chain, the European Union banned their use. One of the natural alternatives is medicinal plants . Because plant products for reasons such as availability, ease of use, reduction of side...
Topics: Broilers, Meat quality, Probiotic, Yarrow
Introduction [1] : Humate material was used as feed additives in poultry nutrition. The biochar as a useful fertilizer in agriculture industry is a humate material that increases growth of plants. This fertilizer can as an additive be use in the poultry and animals feed, due to has many minerals material and two organic acid (humic and fulvic) in its compound. The reduce cost of diet in poultry industry for egg production, is an important goal. The biochar as a dietary additive is easily...
Topics: Biochar, Egg shell quality, Humic acid, Laying hen, Vitamin C
Introduction [1] : The use of agricultural and food industry by-products in animal feed leads to a reduction in breeding costs. In addition application of agricultural waste in poultry feed also reduces the environmentally harmful effects. One of these by-products is pistachio green peel, which is produced in food industries. Common pistachio (common pistachio in the market) with the scientific name Pistacia vera is a plant of the genus Anacardiaceae. Iran is the world's largest pistachio...
Topics: Antibodies, Broiler chicks, Cholesterol, Lipid profiles, Pistachio
Introduction [1] : Recently, herbal additives have attracted interest for research due to their positive effects on animal health and production. The effects of herbal derived feed additives to their effects on rumen fermentation, gut microflora, immune system and the overall animal performance have been studied extensively and the observed results have been attributed to their antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune regulatory and metabolic effects. Seidelitzia romarinus is one...
Topics: Metrit, Milk production, Post-parturient cow, Pregnant cows
Introduction [1] : In most dairy farms, calves are housed individually during the milk-feeding period and will only introduce to social groups after weaning. Individual housing can help keep calves healthy by reducing disease transmission and incidence behavioral problems such as cross-sucking as well as providing individual feeding and health-care of the calf. Nevertheless, individual rearing systems through lack of social contact can compromise the welfare of the calf. Calves are social...
Topics: Calves, Group, Housing, Individual, Performance, Welfare
Introduction [1] : Proper nutrition management during calf rearing is one of the most important factors which influence herd profitability. Environmental stressors and immature immune system of calves, reduce the viability of the animal. Today, attempts are being made to increase immune system postnatal calf life in various ways. Supplying unsaturated fats, which have double bonds on their structure, in starter diet, is one of the suggested solutions to improve the calf’s immune system....
Topics: Calf, Fat-soluble vitamins, Flaxseed oil, Unsaturated fatty acids
Introduction [1] To characterize the affection of tempo and temperature with chill and without chill, as storeroom status for fecund eggs formerly to their incubation , you have to resort to a series of processes. What starts as a fertile egg on the breeder farm must end up being a healthy chick on the broiler farm. After the hen lays the egg, its quality can only worsen, it will never be the same, so we must pay attention to the transit between the laying of the hatching egg and the start of...
Topics: Group, Incubator, Keeping, Temperature eggs
Introduction [1] The main aim of dairy farms is to increase the economic milk production of each cow in each lactation period. Therefore, the effective genetic and environmental factors should be identified and evaluated. Today, the main cause of economic losses to dairy herds is low reproductive efficiency. Any factor that causes delay or non-pregnancy of dairy cows leads to reduced milk production and calf birth. Stress is known as a major factor in reducing of fertility of dairy farms....
Topics: Dairy cow, Fertility, Odds ratio, Stress.
Introduction [1] Rooster’s reproductive performance is an indispensable component of breeder production because it plays a vital role in the maximum production of fertilized eggs. Existence feed supplement in the poultry industry, intermediary metabolites have been including in the diet to improve fertility and reproductive outcomes. Carnitine (β-hydroxy-γ-trimethylaminobutyrate), vitamin-like-amino acid, is a quaternary ammonium compound, that has multifunctional roles in reproduction....
Topics: Gonad Index, L-carnitine, Rooster, Sexual Maturity, Sperm
Introduction [1] Feed cost has gradually increased in poultry production worldwide. One approach to minimizing production cost is dietary manipulation of nutrient supplies through improved feed efficiency. The inclusion of lipids in broiler diets is essential to meet metabolisable energy requirement. Great amounts of animal fats and vegetable oils are usually added to broiler diets to increase their energy content. However, several factors can affect lipids digestion, both related to the animal...
Topics: Interaction, level, Source, Soybean oil and Tallow
Introduction [1] The increase in the cost of the diet, especially the protein part, has caused the desire of producer and researchers to use by-products. The use of animal waste not only reduces the cost of feed but also reduces the entry of contaminants into the environment. Hydrolyzed feathers, meat meal, bone meal, poultry by-product meal (PBM) and fish oil are some of the by-products used in poultry, dairy cattle and other livestock diet. Also, the use of pelleted feed in broiler chicken is...
Topics: By-products, Cholesterol, Ileum, Intestinal morphology, Sodium bentonite
Introduction [1] The most important effect of using emulsifiers and l-carnitine in the diet is to help the process of digestion and absorption of fats. Improving the efficiency of metabolizable energy consumption and crude protein when emulsifier and l-carnitine supplements used in the diet indicates the positive effect of emulsifiers on the digestion and absorption of fats and other nutrients. Considering the different metabolic activities l-carnitine and emulsifier (lipidol) in broiler...
Topics: Emulsifier, L-carnitine, Broiler chickens, Blood lipid parameters, Fat digestibility, Meat shelf...
Introduction Ruminants require roughage in their diets to maximize production and to maintain health by sustaining a stable environment in the rumen. There is a need to identify local plants that can offer high quality forage to local ruminants. P. ferulacea (family: Umbelliferae) is a valuable forage grass found in high mountain areas of South-east Iran. Local farmers cut and wilt the plant, prior to feeding it to sheep. Sheep are selective and spend a lot of time selecting and sorting feed...
Topics: Digestibility, Feeding behavior, Free choice, Medicinal forage
Introduction [1] The in vitro gas production test is used as a laboratory method for studying the ruminal fermentation of feed-stuffs. This method is an ideal technique, because it allows to record gas production at different hours an incubation time. In this technique, the parameters of fermentation kinetic are predicted using nonlinear models. The Exponential Model (EXP) is the easiest nonlinear model which is applied for this regard. However, it has been reported that some nonlinear models...
Topics: Forage, Gas production test, Goodness of fit, Non-linear models
Introduction Fodder sorghum is one of the most important forage plants in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Maize production is low in arid and high salinity regions around the world, and sorghum due to its adaptation to arid and low water conditions, high water use efficiency, C4 photosynthetic system, high claw ing power, high production capacity as wet forage, dry and Silos are a good option in these areas. In the past, sorghum was generally grown in areas that were unfavorable for...
Topics: Chemical composition, Degradability, Silage, Sorghum
Introduction [1] To date, there is not any accurate estimation of calf mortality in the world; however, annual pre-weaning calves’ mortality was estimated to be around 7.8, 6.5, 5.5, and 2.6% in the United States, Iran, China, and Sweden, respectively. Raboisson et al. (2013) represented that most neonatal calf mortality happens at age under one month. Hill et al. (2011) reported that nutritional factors could modulate the calf immune system's functions. Studies on non-ruminants confirm that...
Topics: Calf, Fatty acids, Fish oil, Inflammation, Lipopolysaccharide, Tallow
Introduction [1] Food and Agriculture Organization of the united nations (FAO ) stated potato as a product supplier in the world's future food security and Iran with an annual production of 5 million tons of potatoes ranked eleventh in the world's total production . Future climate change may have strong influence on field crops including potato and evaluation of these effects is of great importance. Crop simulation models are known as powerful tools to study crop responses to the future...
Topics: Coefficient of model efficiency, Modelling, Phenological stages, Potential conditions, Statistical...
Introduction [1] : Estrus synchronization is a valuable management tool that has been employed in enhancing reproductive efficiency in ewes. Synchronization of estrus and ovulation for fixed-time artificial insemination in sheep is mostly based on the insertion of intravaginal devices containing either progesterone CIDR (Controlled Internal Drug Release) inserts or progestagens (sponges impregnated with fluorogestone acetate (FGA) or medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP)). Intravaginal sponges are...
Topics: Estrus synchronization, Progesterone sponge, Reproductive performance, Sheep
Introduction [1] : Due to the high importance of egg shell quality in terms of hardness, extensive transportation with high volume of this product between different countries, the importance of shell quality in terms of protecting the internal content from extra-shell contamination and also one of the ways to improve traits, relying on The genetic structure of a trait is the application of genetic selection. Therefore, the aim this study is to use transcriptome data obtained from uterine tissue...
Topics: Calcification, Differential gene expression, Eggshell, Gene ontology, Transcriptome
Introduction [1] : Antibiotics have been routinely supplemented in diets of poultry to maintain their health, reduce stress, and enhance productivity. However, due to the development of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics and the possibility of these pathogens to be zoonotic, the use of various antibiotic products in livestock and poultry production is gradually being banned around the world. With the possibility of further ban in more regions of the world, research interest into alternatives...
Topics: Microbial population, Histomorphometry, Laying hen, Yeast
Introduction [1] : Today, livestock and poultry health in an advanced production system is a major challenge affecting human health and the global economy. Antibiotics have been used in poultry nutrition for many years. Chickens are raised with the assistance of the regular use of antibiotics, not only for the prevention and treatment of diseases but, also, for body growth. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics in animals are contributing to the rising threat of antibiotic resistance. In recent...
Topics: Broiler chickens, Digestibility, Encapsulation, Microbial population, Organic Acid
Introduction [1] : Maternal stimuli, such as nutrition, result in developmental adaptations by the fetus which changes physiology and metabolism of offspring. In ewe energy level and source during gestation have been shown to impact lamb performance . Supplementation of fatty acids during gestation has been shown to affect offspring in dairy cattle and sheep. The omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are particularly bioactive and can alter...
Topics: Beta-hydroxy butyrate, Calcium fats, Non-esterified fatty acids
Introduction [1] : Intestinal function in nutrient uptake depends on its morphology, and any change in villi structure, as well as changes in the differentiation and development of absorbent cells, can alter digestion and absorption capacity and thus function. Increasing the height and surface of Villus in the gastrointestinal tract of animals consuming high concentrates increases the absorption capacity and in turn, protects the animal from the accumulation of volatile fatty acids and a...
Topics: Acidosis, Buffer, Megasphaera elsdenii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Tissue
Introduction [1] : Over the last half century, the shortage of animal feed in many parts of the world, including Iran, has increased the feed costs of animal husbandry and it also has affected revenues from the production of livestock products. Therefore, any improvement in nutritional management and increasing the feed use efficiency in this sector will increase productivity and production. Adding water to ruminant diets is inexpensive physical processing method that has had a positive effect...
Topics: Dietary moisture, Enzyme activity, Fermentative parameters, Lamb
Introduction [1] : The use of radiation has become a way of life in most countries around the globe. The utilization of nuclear techniques in the area of agriculture, defense, and power generation has increased over the last few decades. Radiation technology is widely used to produce changes in product characteristics leading to the development of new products. Radiation-mediated morphological, structural and/or functional changes in a plant are governed by the intensity and duration of the...
Topics: Chemical composition, Forage corn, Gamma-ray, Gas production
Introduction [1] : Stall-fed lambs, which account for the bulk of mutton production, are one of the main sources of red meat supply in the country. In order to achieve optimal and economical production, sheep breeders must take into account the nutritional needs, food quality and dietary intake time in the diet plan of livestock. However, due to the shortage of forage and pastures in Iran, stockbreeders are forced to include more concentrate in the animals’ diet, while trying to carefully...
Topics: Afshari lamb, Alfalfa removal, Diet, Fattening, Profitability
Introduction [1] : The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of adding Oregano L.onites and Althaea offieinalis essential oil into milk on performance, some blood parameters, skeletal growth, and metabolic responses of Holstein dairy calves. Higher milk consumption improves growth performance due to the increase in nutrients available to calves. In this experiment, it is assumed that high consumption of milk with better availability of nutrients and plant essential oils by...
Topics: Herbal essential oils, Initial diet, Rumen fermentation, Sucking calf
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